Neanderthal children likely grew up in close-knit family units. Their faster physical development, compared to modern human children, indicates a different pattern of childhood: they reached physical milestones earlier but may have still depended heavily on adults for learning survival skills like hunting, toolmaking, and fire maintenance. Play likely played a role in developing coordination and social bonds, just as it does in modern human societies.
When Homo sapiens began migrating into Europe and western Asia around 60,000 years ago, they encountered Neanderthals who had thrived there for hundreds of generations. Contrary to older theories, Neanderthals did not immediately vanish upon contact with modern humans. Evidence shows they coexisted for thousands of years. During this time, cultural exchange may have occurred—possibly the sharing of toolmaking ideas or hunting strategies.
