Governments were aware of the potential threat posed by educated youth and intellectual communities. As a result, clashes between students and authorities were common. Surveillance, disciplinary actions, arrests, and suppression of student protests often intensified in the years leading up to a revolution. Before major revolutions, universities were often governed by rigid administrative systems aligned with the ruling regime. Rectors, deans, and senior administrators were typically appointed based on political loyalty rather than academic vision.
Faculty members who expressed dissenting views risked losing their positions or facing state punishment. This environment created a culture of caution and sometimes quiet resistance within academic circles. Universities were frequently underfunded, especially in countries where political priorities favored military or elite interests over education.
