Shell beads stained with pigment, eagle talons with cut marks, and pieces of ochre hint at body decoration or personal identity markers. These objects suggest that Neanderthals may have decorated themselves for rituals, social signaling, or aesthetic expression. Red ochre fragments found in multiple Neanderthal sites indicate that they understood how to collect, process, and use mineral pigments. Whether for art, body painting, or hide preparation, this behavior demonstrates symbolic and practical intelligence.
Insights into Neanderthal health have revealed fascinating clues about their knowledge of healing, diet, and disease. Many Neanderthal skeletons show healed injuries—deep cuts, broken bones, and joint damage—which indicates they survived long after trauma. This longevity is evidence of strong community support systems. Analysis of dental plaque has revealed traces of plants with medicinal properties—such as yarrow and chamomile. These plants have bitter flavors and little nutritional value, suggesting Neanderthals may have used them for healing rather than food.
